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raquant
V2EX  ›  Python

Python 数据分析之 pandas 进阶(二)

  •  
  •   raquant · 2017-03-14 18:57:51 +08:00 · 1488 次点击
    这是一个创建于 2801 天前的主题,其中的信息可能已经有所发展或是发生改变。

    python 数据分析之 pandas 进阶(二)

    六、分组

    对于“ group by ”操作,我们通常是指以下一个或多个操作步骤:

    ( Splitting )按照一些规则将数据分为不同的组 ( Applying )对于每组数据分别执行一个函数 ( Combining )将结果组合刀一个数据结构中 将要处理的数组是:

    df = pd.DataFrame({
            'A': ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo'],
            'B': ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'two', 'two', 'one', 'three'],
            'C': np.random.randn(8),
            'D': np.random.randn(8)
        })
    df
     
    	A	B	C	        D
    0	foo	one	0.961295	-0.281012
    1	bar	one	0.901454	0.621284
    2	foo	two	-0.584834	0.919414
    3	bar	three	1.259104	-1.012103
    4	foo	two	0.153107	1.108028
    5	bar	two	0.115963	1.333981
    6	foo	one	1.421895	-1.456916
    7	foo	three	-2.103125	-1.757291
    

    1 、分组并对每个分组执行 sum 函数:

    df.groupby('A').sum()
     
    	C	        D
    A		
    bar	2.276522	0.943161
    foo	-0.151661	-1.467777
    

    2 、通过多个列进行分组形成一个层次索引,然后执行函数:

    df.groupby(['A', 'B']).sum()
     
    		C	        D
    A	B		
    bar	one	0.901454	0.621284
            three	1.259104        -1.012103
            two	0.115963        1.333981
    foo	one	2.383191	-1.737928
            three	-2.103125	-1.757291
            two	-0.431727	2.027441
    

    七、 Reshaping

    Stack

    tuples = list(zip(*[['bar', 'bar', 'baz', 'baz',
                         'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'],
                        ['one', 'two', 'one', 'two',
                         'one', 'two', 'one', 'two']]))
    tuples
     
    [('bar', 'one'),
     ('bar', 'two'),
     ('baz', 'one'),
     ('baz', 'two'),
     ('foo', 'one'),
     ('foo', 'two'),
     ('qux', 'one'),
     ('qux', 'two')]
    
    index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=['first', 'second'])
    df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 2), index=index, columns=['A', 'B'])
    df2 = df[:4]
    df2
     
    		 A	        B
    first	second		
    bar	one	-0.907306	-0.009961
            two	0.905177	-2.877961
    baz	one	-0.356070	-0.373447
            two	-1.496644	-1.958782
    
    stacked = df2.stack()
    stacked 
     
    first  second   
    bar    one     A   -0.907306
                   B   -0.009961
           two     A    0.905177
                   B   -2.877961
    baz    one     A   -0.356070
                   B   -0.373447
           two     A   -1.496644
                   B   -1.958782
    dtype: float64
    
    stacked.unstack()
     
    		A	        B
    first	second		
    bar	one	-0.907306	-0.009961
            two	0.905177	-2.877961
    baz	one	-0.356070	-0.373447
            two	-1.496644	-1.958782
    
    stacked.unstack(1)
     
    	second	one	       two
    first			
    bar	A	-0.907306	0.905177
            B	-0.009961	-2.877961
    baz	A	-0.356070	-1.496644
            B	-0.373447	-1.958782
    

    八、相关操作

    要处理的数组为:

    df
     
    	        A	        B	        C	        D	F
    2013-01-01	0.000000	0.000000	0.135704	5	NaN
    2013-01-02	0.139027	1.683491	-1.031190	5	1
    2013-01-03	-0.596279	-1.211098	1.169525	5	2
    2013-01-04	0.367213	-0.020313	2.169802	5	3
    2013-01-05	0.224122	1.003625	-0.488250	5	4
    2013-01-06	0.186073	-0.537019	-0.252442	5	5
    

    (一)、统计

    1 、执行描述性统计:

    df.mean()
     
    A    0.053359
    B    0.153115
    C    0.283858
    D    5.000000
    F    3.000000
    dtype: float64
    

    2 、在其他轴上进行相同的操作:

    df.mean(1)
     
    2013-01-01    1.283926
    2013-01-02    1.358266
    2013-01-03    1.272430
    2013-01-04    2.103341
    2013-01-05    1.947899
    2013-01-06    1.879322
    Freq: D, dtype: float64
    

    3 、对于拥有不同维度,需要对齐的对象进行操作, pandas 会自动的沿着指定的维度进行广播

    dates
    s = pd.Series([1,3,4,np.nan,6,8], index=dates).shift(2)
    s
     
    DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
                   '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')
     
    2013-01-01   NaN
    2013-01-02   NaN
    2013-01-03     1
    2013-01-04     3
    2013-01-05     4
    2013-01-06   NaN
    Freq: D, dtype: float64
    

    (二)、 Apply

    对数据应用函数:

    df.apply(np.cumsum)
     
    	        A	        B	        C	        D	F
    2013-01-01	0.000000	0.000000	0.135704	5	NaN
    2013-01-02	0.139027	1.683491	-0.895486	10	1
    2013-01-03	-0.457252	0.472393	0.274039	15	3
    2013-01-04	-0.090039	0.452081	2.443841	20	6
    2013-01-05	0.134084	1.455706	1.955591	25	10
    2013-01-06	0.320156	0.918687	1.703149	30	15
    
    df.apply(lambda x: x.max() - x.min())
     
    A    0.963492
    B    2.894589
    C    3.200992
    D    0.000000
    F    4.000000
    dtype: float64
    

    (三)、字符串方法

    Series 对象在其 str 属性中配备了一组字符串处理方法,可以很容易的应用到数组中的每个元素。

    s = pd.Series(['A', 'B', 'C', 'Aaba', 'Baca', np.nan, 'CABA', 'dog', 'cat'])
    s.str.lower()
     
    0       a
    1       b
    2       c
    3    aaba
    4    baca
    5     NaN
    6    caba
    7     dog
    8     cat
    dtype: object
    

    九、时间序列

    1 、时区表示:

    rng = pd.date_range('3/6/2012 00:00', periods=5, freq='D')
    ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), rng)
    ts
     
    2012-03-06   -0.932261
    2012-03-07   -1.405305
    2012-03-08    0.809844
    2012-03-09   -0.481539
    2012-03-10   -0.489847
    Freq: D, dtype: float64
    
    ts_utc = ts.tz_localize('UTC')
    ts_utc
     
    2012-03-06 00:00:00+00:00   -0.932261
    2012-03-07 00:00:00+00:00   -1.405305
    2012-03-08 00:00:00+00:00    0.809844
    2012-03-09 00:00:00+00:00   -0.481539
    2012-03-10 00:00:00+00:00   -0.489847
    Freq: D, dtype: float64
    

    2 、时区转换

    ts_utc.tz_convert('US/Eastern')
     
    2012-03-05 19:00:00-05:00   -0.932261
    2012-03-06 19:00:00-05:00   -1.405305
    2012-03-07 19:00:00-05:00    0.809844
    2012-03-08 19:00:00-05:00   -0.481539
    2012-03-09 19:00:00-05:00   -0.489847
    Freq: D, dtype: float64
    

    3 、时区跨度转换

    rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=5, freq='M')
    ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), index=rng)
    ps = ts.to_period()
    ts
    ps
    ps.to_timestamp()
     
    2012-01-31    0.932519
    2012-02-29    0.247016
    2012-03-31   -0.946069
    2012-04-30    0.267513
    2012-05-31   -0.554343
    Freq: M, dtype: float64
    
    2012-01    0.932519
    2012-02    0.247016
    2012-03   -0.946069
    2012-04    0.267513
    2012-05   -0.554343
    Freq: M, dtype: float64
     
    2012-01-01    0.932519
    2012-02-01    0.247016
    
    ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000), index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))
    ts = ts.cumsum()
    ts2012-03-01   -0.946069
    2012-04-01    0.267513
    2012-05-01   -0.554343
    Freq: MS, dtype: float64
    

    十、画图

    ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000), index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))
    ts = ts.cumsum()
    ts
    

    十一、 Categorical

    从 0.15 版本开始, pandas 可以在 DataFrame 中支持 Categorical 类型的数据

    df = pd.DataFrame({
            'id':[1,2,3,4,5,6],
            'raw_grade':['a','b','b','a','a','e']
        })
    df
     
    	id	raw_grade
    0	1	a
    1	2	b
    2	
    4	a
    4	5	a
    5	6	e
    

    1 、将原始的 grade 转换为 Categorical 数据类型:

    df['grade'] = df['raw_grade'].astype('category', ordered=True)
    df['grade'] 
     
    0    a
    1    b
    2    b
    3    a
    4    a
    5    e
    Name: grade, dtype: category
    Categories (3, object): [a < b < e]
    

    2 、将 Categorical 类型数据重命名为更有意义的名称:

    df['grade'].cat.categories = ['very good', 'good', 'very bad']
    

    3 、对类别进行重新排序,增加缺失的类别:

    df['grade'] = df['grade'].cat.set_categories(['very bad', 'bad', 'medium', 'good', 'very good'])
    df['grade']
     
    0    very good
    1         good
    2         good
    3    very good
    4    very good
    5     very bad
    Name: grade, dtype: category
    Categories (5, object): [very bad < bad < medium < good < very good]
    

    4 、排序是按照 Categorical 的顺序进行的而不是按照字典顺序进行:

    df.sort('grade')
     
    	id	raw_grade	grade
    5	6	e	        very bad
    1	2	b	        good
    2	3	b	        good
    0	1	a	        very good
    3	4	a	        very good
    4	5	a	        very good
    

    5 、对 Categorical 列进行排序时存在空的类别:

    df.groupby("grade").size()
     
    grade
    very bad     1
    bad          0
    medium       0
    good         2
    very good    3
    dtype: int64
    

    以上代码不想自己试一试吗?

    镭矿 raquant提供 jupyter 在线练习学习 python 的机会,无需安装 python 即可运行 python 程序。

    mingyun
        1
    mingyun  
       2017-03-14 23:06:59 +08:00
    pandas 进阶(一)呢
    raquant
        2
    raquant  
    OP
       2017-03-15 12:07:58 +08:00
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